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Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. 2010). Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. 5. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. 6. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). Want to create or adapt books like this? The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? You can help your child work on 3. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. 2007)depending on who is doing them. Feb 23 2011 at 2:33pm. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). WebSocialization is the cultural process of learning to participate in a social group. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Gender Socialization. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). 2004). She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. WebInterests. Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? How do they contribute to student socialization? Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. 2003). The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Sussman et al. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Alberta Education explains that this. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated?

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