superglue fuming is not suitable for use onhomeless shelter policies and procedures

Share it with us! Before my students start the lab I have them place their Some surfaces like highly polished firearms, well-handled plastic bags and bottles are much more susceptible to over-fuming than other types of evidence and must be watched carefully throughout the process. If the CA vapor is not distributed evenly within the chamber, it is possible to get both under-developed prints and over-developed prints in the same processing cycle, even on the same piece of evidence. C. Leather Ninhydrin is used on a latent print to detect: False. B. Magna brush. False, After the latent print has been visualized, a photograph must be taken before any further attempts at preservation. D. Francis Galton. A. Fauld pb Which of the following is not true about digital imaging? Almost any closed container can be used to house the fuming process. Plastic bags C. Leather D. Cardboard. 3. and some still use the technique in a relatively uncontrolled way by treating exhibits in containers such as fish tanks with various proprietary cyanoacrylate adhesives5,6,7. You want to use something cheap and disposable because each fuming will leave behind a large patch of solid glue. You get a large 16 Oz. Water literally runs down the side of the cabinet, condensation forms on the evidence and the user may be none the wiser. Display as a link instead, B. the fingerprint pattern accounting for only 5% of all known patterns is the: Resist slippage and provide a firmer grip, A latent fingerprint is a fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/ or perspiration that is visible to the naked eye (T/F), The third fundamental principle of fingerprints is that fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified (T/F). C- A competitive firm will produce in the short run so long . You cannot paste images directly. The FBI's IAFIS became fully operational in what year? C. Richard Henry. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Had a virtual "double" with a similar name. Cyanoacrylates are a family of strong fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical, and household uses. D. Dusted. A. RAY C. Tile B. Question. The super glue identification method is becoming the next big thing. d. Once they specialize, suppose they work out a trade of 2 million cars for 6 tons of paper. How to Remove Carpet Glue From Concrete. Under which circumstances have two people been found to have identical fingerprints? Evaluate each algebraic expression at the indicated values of the variables. Are sent to the AFIS database electronically, have eliminated the need for inked prints on paper cards, are captured when the subject's fingers and palms are placed onto a glass platen. It produces an image composed of pixels. Higher heat, within reason, will result in shorter fuming times and lower heat, conversely will result in longer fuming times. What is the minimum number of ridge characteristics necessary before two fingerprints can be identified as the same? Set up the heater in one corner and put the glue tray on top of the heater. A. Cyanoacrylate. The most commonly encountered ridge characteristic (Used by AFIS) are the: The pores of the sweat glands are located in the: Which step of the ACE-V process requires the examiner to identify any distortions associated with the friction ridges? Now that you have developed the prints, you can make copies of them with fingerprint lifting tape. Super glue bonds to skin quickly and can easily stick your fingers together. P (also include N and R) are designations regarding the filters "oil" compatibility. KJJJKK+***++kjjjkk9N]]]}}}CCCcccSSSsssKKKkkk[[[{{{GGGgggWWWww7x}}}|>_ !H4<<<222:::666>>>11199)gfffggWVVVWW766677wvvvwwONNNOO$T*=? \text{Sales Revenue}&5,100,163& \\ Plain whorl. G* B3M^/=|Rp{PCcU_El"0QRw\[hXcc?_'B]U $?2EMbj x(MlUY(!8v1VKai&Go&B%Pf>Ko$z:la~65IkZ{S0f~`eT:`fc D. 25%, Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: What percentage of the population falls into the 1/1 Primary Classification category? Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 25. It is frequently necessary to remove such items long before it is necessary to remove other types of evidence. B. Loops on the right thumb and left ring finger. 504 0 obj <> endobj A. B. Henry The N95, N100, P100, etc.. all refer to the efficiency of the filter to remove particulates at/above 0.3 microns in size. But if the cabinet has an automated limited time purge cycle, the CA still atop a warm heat source will continue to fume throughout and well past when that purge has completed its cycle. Will the bond proceeds always be greater than the face amount of the bonds when the contract rate is greater than the market rate of interest? A chamber could be a fish tank, a plastic bag held up by PVC pipe, or a commercial chamber. Those ingredients, combined with the moisture that's found naturally in the air, react to the fumes . And always be sure to set up your system in a well ventilated area. This will allow you to compare various enclosures on an equal footing. Suppose Russia and Sweden each produces only paper and cars. There are serious risks with using Superglue if you do not use the materials in an appropriate fashion. False. Superglue fuming, using various systems has also been used for the development of fingerprints in cars10,11 Superglue fuming performed at the crime scene can be vital to preserve prints on items that are being sent to the lab via mail. 3, 1, 2 The method develops clear, stable, white colored fingerprints. B. 10% D. During fetal development, The third fundamental principle of fingerprints is that fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. This can be complicated by the mixing of certain types of surfaces that are prone to over-development. Your browser is unable to render the navigation correctly. No common stock was issued during the year. A. Does restaurant outsourcing increase capacity? Dusting to visualize a latent print on finished leather and rough plastic is best done with what, After successfully visualizing a latent print on an object, what should an investigator do next. Transactions from the period December 1 through December 23 have already been journalized and individual items have been posted. C. Fauld. During the first six months after birth. Take the appropriate precautions to avoid accidental inhalation. The application of heat is quite effective in speeding up the development process. !111)))99`gdddfffeeegg2f Correct Answer: Choose question tag. The reaction may cause fire, which is why it is advisable to avoid wearing cotton or wool products when working with super glue. Almost nothing in the forensic sciences, however, is less standardized. True False. Investigators can use ----- to detect latent fingerprints without use of chemicals or power treatments. a. C. 2, 1, 3 use of cyanoacrylate fuming method was suggested to develop latent fingermarks on the duct tape (Olenik 1984). The process of fingerprint fuming is relatively easy. B. Dermal papillae. However, several post-treatement procedures can be used to improve . the degree of _correlation____ between the location and relationship of the minutiae in the questioned fingerprint and in the database. Silver nitrate. Asked 8/28/2020 2:07:37 PM. However, here are some features that are good to have. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. Fingerprint evidence left behind by a suspect or victim may identify who was at a crime scene and what he or she touched. A. C. AFIS 9 years ago What would fingerprints impressed onto a bar of soap be called? A. Fiberglass brush. I got my respirator and replacement cartridges from Home Depot. So anything that evolves during the use of Super Glue (or heating of plastisol) that is smaller than 0.3 microns you breath in. C. Compare it to the suspect's prints. }/ek5G[>N}{ 7#x3P[lYifZv,|7z@ut5IaujGF}u":j f1b ^Fq@)(F 2gYnYnGrV*mp"8@rf$6M~)H;|C{?Lz}$7+o p The fingerprint classification system use in most English speaking countries was devised by ___. The image produced from a digital file is composed of numerous square electronic dots called: Protein residues are best developed into fingerprint impressions with; The perspiration in fingerprints contains a variety of components that fluoresce when illuminated by laser light (T/F). Paste as plain text instead, If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. Hero Member; Posts: 601; Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: on: Dec 7, 2019 Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: Cardboard. The glue might solidify on the surface, but will still be somewhat wet underneath. B. DFO The AFIS ___ determines the degree of ___ between the location and relationship of the minutiae between the questioned fingerprint and those in the database. Ideally, the foil boat will be subjected to uniform heat across the entire boat, allowing an even vaporization of the CA. A latent fingerprint is one that is generally not visible unless it is treated in some manner. D. Any print can identify a criminal if it shows an adequate number of ridge characteristics. The vapors ofcyanoacrylate are toxic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate#Toxicity). Glue adheres and dries to skin in seconds, quicker than other materials. Accidental. If an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas of a whorl pattern touches any of spiral ridges, the pattern is classified as a: A chemical method used for developing prints on nonporous surfaces is: In the Primary classification system, a finger is assigned numerical value if its pattern is a: Loops are the most common type of fingerprint patterns (T/F). I have a 3M respirator from Home Depot, with the filters for painters. The role of the fingerprint material in the process, leading to formation of methyl cyanoacrylate polymer at the site of the fingerprint, remains to be established. B. Personally I would select a 3M Combination Cartridge/P100 particulate filter of the correct recommendation (organic vapor and acid series). endstream endobj 509 0 obj <>stream Dusting to visualize a latent print on finished leather and rough plastic is best done with a: C. RAM 1. A. C. Salt. To achieve optimum results in latent print development using the CA process, it is first necessary to identify and understand the variables involved. C. It is a process in which a picture is converted into a digital file. Unfortunately, many technicians adopt the same attitudes observed in many photographers - they put unwarranted faith in the automatic settings for both camera and CA chamber with predictably mediocre results. You will find out they will recommend a full face mask due to being an eye irritant but none the less ~4 different replacement cartridges are suitable. Another thing I remember reading was to store your respirator in something like a Ziploc bag when not in use. See all cards B. Cyanoacrylate fuming (aka CA fuming or superglue fuming) is widely recognized as a powerful and useful process for the visualization of latent fingerprints on many types of surfaces. C. Ninhydrin Which of the following is a chemical method used for developing prints on nonporous surfaces. Required The second fundamental theory of fingerprints states that a fingerprints remains unchanged once the individual enters adulthood (T/F), After the latent print has been visualized, a photograph must be taken before any further attempts at preservation (T/F), RUVIS detect prints by using chemical treatments (T/F). True b. Which is not considered to be a porous surface? Provide journal entries to record the following: d. Collection of cash from customers from sales on account during the year. I attempt to address in this article the variables over which the user has some control and to recognize the variables over which the user has no control. RVVVQQAFUUUMMM]]]CCCSSjiiikkp8CCC###cccSSS333sssKKK+++kkkokkkggG D+Drsssww ^^^>>>~~~x x Computerized system for storing and retrieving fingerprint records. False, Which step of the ACE-V process requires the examiner to identify any distortions associated with the friction ridges? A. Automated Fingerprint Identification System. It does not allow for the simultaneous comparison of two prints. Expert answered|matahari|Points 68781| Log in for more information. Test Print Tab is a new and innovative product that not only seals but works as a timer for fuming chambers. Which statement is true of a partial fingerprint? Have no useful purpose other than identification. B. William Herschel. False, Which chemical treatment produces a white-appearing latent print? The value of ridge patterns in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint is ________ the value of type and position of ridge characteristics in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint. D. Superglue fuming. C. 20% D. Superglue fuming, The ACE-V process requires an independent examination by a second examiner. This water evaporates over time making it more difficult to develop a good print. True &\textbf{2012}&\textbf{2011}\\\hline Ethyl cyanoacrylate, which is found in most super glue products, reacts with cotton and wool. a. Silver nitrate. In fact, using WD40 might smudge the surface, making it difficult . ). The first systematic system individual classification and identification was introduced by: Prints impressed in a bar of soap are referred to as: Which is NOT a ridge characteristic of a fingerprint? It doesn't go well.www.forensiceducation.net Under-fuming can be a problem when users stop the fuming cycle before the latent prints have fully developed. A fresh, observable test print must be used for each cycle whether in testing or during the processing of real evidence. Had a virtual "double" with a similar name. less than___ the number of deltas found in a loop pattern. D. Cloth, A point-by-point comparison of a fingerprint's ________ must be demonstrated in order to prove identity. A. Classify the print. Turn on the heater and close up the container. Some forensics texts . Did this as a project in college, pretty cool that this technique was by accident in Japan. Leather. C. Latent. Which chemical treatment produces a white appearing latent print? nightwish virtual concert setlist town of kingston, ny planning board superglue fuming is not suitable for use on. 3. What makes cyanoacrylates particularly suitable for the job is that they bind particularly well to polar substrates - in this case the polar substrates would be human tissue and skin. Along with the 6003, 6005, and 6006 series filters. D. Loop. Thanks for sharing.http://gluefarm.in/methods-tips-to-store-super-glue-or-cyanoacrylate-glue. True The primary classification is the first step in classifying fingerprints under the FBI system. b. Superglue fuming involves the exposure of a latent fingerprint to ECA vapour in an enclosed chamber (4,5,9). D. Siamese twins, Ridge characteristics are ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints to establish their common origin. The FBI's IAFIS became fully operational in: The AFIS----- determines the degree of ------ between the location and relationship of the minutiae between the questioned fingerprint and those in the database. Metal. I have personally observed one brand of commercial cabinets which contain heat sources not designed for the purpose, cannot be adjusted by the user and which vary from cabinet to cabinet by as much as 40 degrees Celsius! b. H6* +D(E({de;+g[6!HCdwP(d0kkkOOOEEECCC333www]]]eeeccc===MMM///---4qwwwoogxx#88@ 111 @dddttt677fgg'&&JJJ\]]$%%_XXXfffAAATTTZZSQQxmmm t:<55khhdeez{{ggg'$$,--q www4G$d2%jjj$Z[[+++Qp333hyyymmm99%--m``#! The 6001 filter is listed as appropriate for use. Which statement is true of a partial fingerprint? B. 2. The method relies on the deposition of polymerized cyanoacrylate ester on residues of latent fingermarks. 2iR$ZhMH%i2AA2eBp@4 ABSTRACT: The use of superglue vapors to detect latent fingerprints, known as superglue fuming, is a chemical process that has not been fully described. A fingerprint pattern having no delta is a(n): a. Compare the direct and the indirect roles of B. Post your homework questions and get free online help from our incredible volunteers. The super glue used in fuming is an adhesive with basically the same active ingredients as . Explain. Structure of the backbone of a cyanoacrylate polymer. economics. It does not allow for the simultaneous comparison of two prints. Be certain to include a scale that is visible in each shot. What are the most commonly encountered ridge characteristics (used by AFIS)? Super glue (or, by its industrial name, cyanoacrylate adhesive) is a type of fast-bonding, high-strength, instant adhesive engineered to bond almost any material. D. Whorls on the left index and right ring fingers. After getting answers to the questions above, youll be well informed to select the right CA fuming chamber for your needs, now and in the future. This is accomplished by using a small coffee warmer. The Fingerprint Analysis Process. 50 brick 3.) H H PMcs:ysvyls5'+++'''//@ H Physical developer Want to make sure we are clear on things. A Division of the Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Criminal and Juvenile Justice Information Advisory Group, Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Advisory Committee on Capitol Area Security, Private Detective and Protective Agents Board, Board of Peace Officer Standards and Training, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Department of Corrections Level 3 Predatory Offender Search, National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics. How much processing volume are you obtaining for your dollar? In the primary classification scheme, the left index finger has a potential value of: The value of ridge patterns in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint is. In the lab, An airtight tank, known as a fuming chamber use to heat up superglue (liquid cyanoacrylate) which releases gases that adhere to the oily residue of print, thereby creating an image of the fingerprint. It would not remove particles smaller or stop organic vapors (pick any solvent that has evaporated, acid fumes, etc). Once the fumes are seen, the heat source may be removed. Have eliminated the need for inked prints on paper cards. True A. Fraternal twins There were no recoveries during the year of accounts written off in previous years. The fingerprint pattern accounting for only 5 percent of all known patterns is the: Protein residues are best developed into fingerprint impressions by using what substance? C. The same as So ideally, you want to keep them completely contained in the box. C. It does not allow for the simultaneous comparison of two prints, Sir Francis Galton, in writing his textbook on fingerprints, built on the groundbreaking work in this area by: Central pocket loop. The cyanoacrylate group in the monomer rapidly polymerizes in the presence of water to form long, strong chains. Sweden can produce 25 tons of paper or 5 million cars each year. An important component of fingerprints is water. ?' }s When using cyanoacrylate glue for fingerprint fuming, it is important to keep in mind that these glues have a short shelf life of about one year from manufacture if unopened, or about one month once opened.Safety Notes: 1. C. Identical twins The number of deltas found in an arch pattern is ----- the number of deltas found in a loop pattern. Using the same type of CA, the same brand and type of foil boat, the same heat, the same humidity and, with the noted exceptions, the same time exposures will enhance productivity in case work and lessen dependence on guesswork. -> AFIS is a(n): Turn on the heater and close up the container. Currently, which of the following, in conjunction with chemically induced fluorescence, is most often used to visualize latent prints? Ask to be shown the method by which the user controls the heat and levels the heat source. The ridge detail of the fingerprints on non-porous surfaces such as plastic, glass and finished and unfinished woods can be exposed to cyanoacrylate fumes. Criminalistics . The number following the letter represents the filtration efficiency of the filter. Once everything is in place, put a large drop (about half of a 0.07 oz tube) of super glue onto the glue tray. So anything that evolves during the use of Super Glue (or heating of plastisol) that is smaller than 0.3 microns you breath in. Controlled humidity is a necessity. objects. Some very expensive commercial CA cabinets have been observed to have a department store room humidifier attached to the cabinet by means of a hose through which steam, and sizeable water droplets, are sprayed into the cabinet. The first systematic system of individual classification and identification was introduced by: hbbd``b` $ ;k A. 1. Close attention to the variables listed here should give the buyer some confidence in the eventual choice of cabinet. After successfully visualizing a latent print on an object, an investigator should next: The ACE-V process requires an independent examination by a second examiner (T/F). Glossy cardboard - Superglue fuming and fingerprint powder. The amount of glue used depends upon the size of the chamber. Place the water next to the heater. Evaluation Sublimation occurs with the use of: They also make Gas/Acid Vapor cartridges that effectively removed designated organic vapors and acid vapors. It should be done in the scene of the crime. yda9aHcl14-`ipNa?rt ]gZ\/hjq={>b2D+QRhcS6-o^c'2zY:-7OO!MnN':X$(i (Appendix 1) Compute the price of $73,100,469 received for the bonds by using the present value tables in Appendix A at the end of the text. D. Both B and C, Livescan images of fingerprints: B. Cyanoacrylate fuming is a chemical method for the detection of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces such as plastic, glass, rubber bands, finished and unfinished wood etc. The resulting images can be further enhanced with powder of a contrasting color or photo editing software. Pattern It is estimated that there are as many as ___ ridge characteristics in an average complete fingerprint. Describe the main requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200220022002. D)Plastic bags. B. Table 1 Use of reagents on suitable sample matrices. D. 150. Inventory with a cost of $218,000\$ 218,000$218,000 was transferred to finished goods. List items considered to be a porous surface. D. Acrylate. C. Ninhydrin. D. All of the above, RUVIS detects prints by using chemical treatments A. Alphonse Bertillon. Set up the test sample in the corner opposite of the heater. Russia can produce 8 tons of paper or 4 million cars each year. All that's needed to perform the technique is a fairly airtight tank, some heat, and a few drops of Superglue. 3M site has a search feature that will recommend the mask/cartridge needed based upon what you are being exposed to. In my free time, I am an Inventor, Maker, Hacker, Tinker, and all around Mad Genius, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate#Toxicity. However, it is important for defense attorneys to know, and to inform the jury, that the techniques used to locate and identify fingerprints are far from a perfect science. endstream endobj 505 0 obj <> endobj 506 0 obj <> endobj 507 0 obj <> endobj 508 0 obj <>stream GRIM 3 D. 1, 2, 3. Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate being the key words one should search for for super glue. Jh111t:=>>>!! More sophisticated fuming chambers have built-in heaters. March31,March31,20122011AccountsReceivable,Gross1,054,048885,300AllowanceforUncollectibleAccounts(6,906)(6,781)SalesRevenue5,100,163\begin{array}{lrr} Author Question: Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: (Read 14 times) Coya19@aol.com. Due to weather conditions, the cost of acquiring produce to resell has escalated during the later part of this period. Any print can identify a criminal if it shows an adequate number of ridge characteristics. Which chemical treatment produces a white-appearing latent print? %%EOF Since the quality of wand-developed latent . Analysis Any print can identify a criminal if it shows an adequate number of ridge characteristics. Chemical methods for developing latent fingerprints must be used in which of the following sequences? In CA fuming and polymerization, the user must understand the applications of temperature and humidity, the viscosity of the CA employed, the respective substrates being treated and that the amount of fuming time depends a great deal upon these variables. Where are the pores of the sweat glands located? In which order should chemical treatments be performed to visualize latent prints? It is possible to obscure one's fingerprints by scarring (T/F). A. e. $118,000\$ 118,000$118,000. Explain why Will West is important to Forensic Science. A heating element is used to speed up the rate at which the pool ofcyanoacrylate vaporizes and releases its fumes into the container. Det. Which of the following is NOT true about digital imaging? Iodine fuming is still widely used because it is inexpensive and easy, sensitive, and is non-destructive because the stains it produces are ephemeral. D. Cardboard. On some items, the latter is more desirable in order to avoid over-fuming. You need a small container to hold the liquid super glue while it is being heated. A meta-analysis of 40 studies concludes that cinnamon can improve memory Our extensive online study community is made up of college and high school students, teachers, professors, parents and subject enthusiasts who contribute to our vast collection of study resources: textbook solutions, study guides, practice tests, practice problems, lecture notes, equation sheets and more. government. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sir Francis Galton, in writing his textbook on fingerprints, built on the groundbreaking work in this area by: a. Henry b. Bertillon c. Vucetich d. Fauld, The fingerprint classification system used in most English speaking countries was devised by: a. Henry b. Vucetich c. Herschel d. Fauld, Will West was the man who: a. 4 Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: A)Cardboard. http://www.tackleunderground.com/community/topic/31997-spray-paint-booth-work-center/?p=261230, http://www.tackleunderground.com/community/topic/31895-airbrush-booth-cat-approved/. Physical developer contains: True show more content (1,4,9). A. Cubic millimeters. You can post now and register later. So if the print is more than 24 hours old or if the air is very dry, then you need to put a small warm water reservoir in the fuming chamber. This process can be done at the lab or even at the crime scene. A. Carlo Gambino As a sealer, peel off the backing and place the clear self-adhesive strip over fuming chamber hole. Prints that are not readily visible are commonly referred to as what? Labconco Corporation Tissier et al. Which of the following is not a ridge characteristic of a fingerprint? Relying on gravity or an insufficiently powered fan to distribute the CA vapor uniformly throughout the chamber will give uneven and erratic results. A. In addition to glass and plastic, other examples of surfaces suitable for fuming include the cover of this magazine, metal and rubber. It means nothing in regards to efficiency in particle size removal and nothing in regards to organic vapor/acid vapor removal. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. B. B. Tackleunderground.com The second fundamental principle of fingerprints is that a fingerprint is an individual characteristic (T/F). 0. B. It must, however, be subject to control by the user. Cyanoacrylate fuming 5. Facebook. These fumes will react with the traces of amino acids, fatty acids and . Imagine a population of 100 annual wildflowers, some red and some yellow. Should superglue fuming be done at the scene of the crime or back at the lab? This applies to the most rudimentary field techniques for CA development and to the use of expensive laboratory CA cabinets. A primary classification of 9/3 means that there are: You want to position it in such a way that the area with fingerprints will be readily exposed to the fumes in the chamber. This reaction leaves behind a white film that can be photographed, or copied onto tape strips. Super Glue Fuming is NOT suitable for use on: Less than. For purposes of this problem, assume that Fujitsu applies U.S. GAAP or IFRS. It also needs to be able to withstand the heat of your chosen heating element. Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: A. Are sent to the AFIS database electronically. Cyanoacrylate super glue reacts with the traces of amino acids, fatty acids, and proteins in the latent fingerprint and the moisture in the air to produce a visible, white polycyanoacrylate that forms along the ridges of the fingerprint. Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. Explain how a response to hazards can vary base really tough on individual diffe, Since the sample size is always smaller than the size of the population, the sample mean. The value of ridge patterns in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint is -----the value of type and position of ridge characteristics in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint. D. Vucetich, The fingerprint pattern accounting for only 5% of all known patterns is the: Which statement is true of a partial fingerprint? B. Bytes. False, Digital imaging is a process through which a picture is converted into pixels.

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