festinger and carlsmith experiment quizletwhere is sandy koufax today

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. (p.47) In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. endstream Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? 112 According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Instead the opposite happened. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? %%EOF Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. /O 49 You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. <> More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. 49 0 obj the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? 0000000868 00000 n Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. There is another possible way, however. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . (The secretary had left the office.) In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. His data, however did not support this idea. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Introducing Cram Folders! We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. 0000011828 00000 n Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. How are these 100 people likely to respond? York University, Toronto, Ontario. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. 2. Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. $K{.-hC ;{l8S No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. Rating scale 0 to 10. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Cognitive Dissonance. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. 5. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. <>stream DISCUSSION. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Alex was most likely engaging in________. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. (Goleman, 1991) endobj . In groupthink, members of the group______. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). (p.3). We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. endstream endobj startxref (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. (Boulding, 1969). Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? A theory of cognitive dissonance. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Which of the following statements is TRUE? The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. /Type/Page To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. 48 0 obj The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Marco is using an example of. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). New York: Harper & Row. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. In the . participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Harry's belief is based on. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her.

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