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Upon renouncing his parents, Gatsby is considered a child of a supernatural being (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 98), with the only thing that he believes in being money. This desire of Americans to reach such a high social status and level of attainment was no better displayed through the ability that Gatsby possessed as he faithfully stuck to the conception of himself he desired to be and eventually obtained it. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Age of Excess. IvyPanda, 12 Aug. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/american-culture-in-the-novel-the-great-gatsby/. Most of the characters reveal themselves to be highly materialistic, their motivations driven by their desire for money and things: Daisy marries and stays with Tom because of the lifestyle he can provide her, Myrtle has her affair with Tom due to the privileged world it grants her access to, and Gatsby even lusts after Daisy as if she is a prize to be won. "She's got an indiscreet voice," I remarked. The dizzying rise of the stock market in the aftermath of the war led to a sudden, sustained increase in the national wealth and a newfound materialism, as people began to spend and consume at unprecedented levels. After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir of Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914, Austro-Hungary and its ally Germany declared waragainst Russia. Past and Future. A person from any social background could, potentially, make a fortune, but the American aristocracyfamilies with old wealthscorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators. However, drawing from her work, these prohibitions seemed to have little implications (Zeitz 23). Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Gatsby was Fitzgerald's third novel, and in writing it, he consciously set out to write something more artistic and creative than his previous two books. Money and materialism in the plotKey quotes about money/materialismAnalyzing characters via money/materialismCommon assignments and analysis of money/materialism in Gatsby. Ask questions; get answers. New York, NY: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2000. Take the Themes, Motifs, and SymbolsQuick Quiz. Gatsby's early romance with Daisy is heightened by the initial idealism that he was about to go fight in a noble and glorious endeavor. In both cases, the marriages seem to be unions of convenience or advantage than actual love. Even Gatsbys all-consuming passion for Daisy seems more of a desire to possess something unattainable than actual love. One woman is not just adequate. If you're aware of the newness and attraction of cars, you'll notice that inThe Great Gatsby: Death machine, or no, you have to admit that's a pretty cool-looking car. The Great Gatsby Novel by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Passing' by Nella Larsen Literature Analysis, The Story of an Hour' and 'The Storm' - Women in Literature, The Metaphor of the Storm in Kate Chopins Story, "The Man Who Was Almost a Man" a Short Story by Richard Wright, Tracy Kidders Novel Strength in What Remains. Nick's connection to Daisy in turn makes him attractive to Gatsby. It would help your argument to talk about the sudden skyrocketing prevalence of cars on the road in the 1920s, connecting them to increased danger, status symbol consumerism, and modern life. Luckily, FreeBookSummary offers study guides on over 1000 top books from students curricula! The Great Gatsby is set against the backdrop of 1920s New York City, a period known as the "Roaring Twenties" for the exhilarating pace set by the rapidly evolving culture and technology. When Nick tells Gatsby that you can't repeat the past, Gatsby says "Why of course you can!" Gatsbys parties have a speakeasy feel in that people from different backgrounds and genders freely mix and mingle. They are conventionally characterized by corruption. We learn that the car is very large and both green on the . Hence, consumer spending increased tremendously since more people gained access to the well-paying job opportunities. The description of Gatsby's parties at the beginning of Chapter 3 is long and incredibly detailed, and thus it highlights the extraordinary extent of Gatsby's wealth and materialism. His assumption of Gatsby's illegal activities notwithstanding, Nick has the same expectations of integrity from Gatsby and from other men as he does from himself. Myrtle explains that she married George because she thought he was a gentleman, suggesting she hoped hed raise her class status. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Published in 1925, the book is not only an important work of English-language literature, it is an excellent period piece that displays the social, cultural, and political tensions of the 1920s . I wasnt actually in love, Nick recalls, but I felt a sort of tender curiosity. Such tender curiosity may be the closest thing to love in the entire novel. When describing Gatsbys parties, Caraways says that there was frequent musical noise emanating for his neighbors house throughout all nights in summer (Zeitz 22). Literature and Its Times: Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. How does Nick Carraway first meet Jay Gatsby? If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. . As such, theGreat Gatsby era is theperiod in 20th century U.S. history nicknamed both the Roaring 20s and the "Jazz Age." Nick, meanwhile, dates Jordan Baker throughout the book, and though their relationship has its moments of warmth and kindness, both parties generally seem lukewarm and emotionally distant. This so called Black Sox Fix proved to be an enormous scandal in the early twentieth century as Rothstein, Wolfsheim in the novel, was able to get away with committing the crime with clever and crooked smarts while obtaining a large sum of money. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. Wealth, Class, and Society On the surface, The Great Gatsby is a story of the thwarted love between a man and a woman. In the monied world of The Great Gatsby, class influences all aspects of life, and especially love. This paper discusses these aspects as essential constituents of 1920s American culture as revealed in The Great Gatsby. This implied that people had substituted responsibilities that were done by hand such as maintenance with technology such as vacuum cleaners and washing gadgets. However, even though Gatsby succeeds in acquiring wealth, he is never accepted by the upper class. Woods, Clyde. The Great Crash and the Onset of the Great Depression. Quarterly Journal of Economics 10.5 (1990): 597-625. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. On the other hand, its horrific death toll and seeming meaninglessness forever dispelled the idea of war as noble and glorious. As discussed above, moneyand specifically having inherited moneynot only guarantees a certain social class, it guarantees safety and privilege: Tom and Daisy can literally live by different rules than other, less-wealthy people. Even though he wasn't able to inherit any part of Cody's fortune, he used what he learned of wealthy society to first charm Daisy before shipping out to WWI. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Gatsbys failure to attain the American Dream suggests the Dream is both an unattainable and unwise goal. Fitzgerald and Bruccoli write, they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together (187-188). "It makes me sad because I've never seen suchsuch beautiful shirts before." Narrator Nick Carraway is . It was full of moneythat was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it. Jordan is incurably dishonest. In fact, during Chapter 8 when we finally get a fuller recap of Daisy and Gatsby's early relationship, Nick notes that "It excited [Gatsby] too that many men had already loved Daisyit increased her value in his eyes" (8.10). The Great Gatsby. Similar to other characters in The Great Gatsby, she has an intense greed for money (Leader 13). Her laughter, her gestures, her assertions became more violently affected moment by moment and as she expanded the room grew smaller around her until she seemed to be revolving on a noisy, creaking pivot through the smoky air" (2.56). The novels narrator illustrates well the increased consumerist culture. The aim was to provide a vivid description of the rebelliousness that is associated with the youths of the time. He further states that people who came to the party in Gatsbys house arrived and left in the fashion of months. Jordan does not understand the concerns of the need to work hard and genuinely. Purchasing #3: How their final outcome is shaped by their wealth status and what that says about their place in the world. In 1920, the U.S. passed the 18th Amendment, outlawing the production and sale of alcohol. 1. The American Dream refers to a shared set of ideals that guide the spirit of the United States. hbspt.cta.load(360031, '4efd5fbd-40d7-4b12-8674-6c4f312edd05', {}); Have any questions about this article or other topics? Samkanashvili, Maya. . (See our brief biography of Fitzgerald to learn more.). Your privacy is extremely important to us. These shared ideals include a notion of freedom that ensures all Americans the possibility of upward social mobility, as long as they work for it. The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby was published in 1925 and is set in 1922, near the beginning of the decade. For some time now I have been thinking about the validity or vulnerability of a certain set of assumptions conventionally accepted among literary historians and critics and circulated as "knowledge." This knowledge holds that traditional, canonical American literature is free of, 4.2 'Aspiration' in The Great Gatsby and 'American Dreams' 4.3 Comparing representations of 'aspiration' in the texts Chapter 5 Comparative study option 2: Human progress 5.1epresenting the concept of 'human progress' R 5.2 'Human progress' in Hidden Figures and poetry by Kathy Jetil-Kijiner According to Zeitz, 1920s marked an era in which Americans began to reap from the benefits of increased consumerism (21). Furthermore, the rest of that quote explicitly describes Daisy as "High in a white palace, the King's daughter, the golden girl" (7.106). Historical Context Essay: The Great Gatsby and the Jazz Age, Literary Context Essay: Modernism & Realism in The Great Gatsby. 264-276. The College Entrance Examination BoardTM does not endorse, nor is it affiliated in any way with the owner or any content of this site. And since Gatsby doesn't give up his dream, even into death, we can see how fervently he desires money and status. If you understand the history of Prohibition, you'll make better sense of some plot and character details inThe Great Gatsby: Police emptying out confiscated barrels of beer into the sewer. Gatsby 's car, outsized and ostentatious, represents Gatsby's flamboyant gestures, love of the material world, and huge capacity to dream. The Great Gatsby reflects the emergence of a culture of increased consumerism that is driven by increased economic prosperity. Alongside the juxtaposition of the Midwest and the East, Fitzgerald also reflects the culture of the 1920s with descriptions of Prohibition and the law breaking that came as a result. If George Wilson had had the means, he likely would have already left New York with Myrtle in tow, saving both of their lives. He gets wrapped up in Gatsby's dreams and his cousin's difficult marriage, all while learning about the pitfalls of wealth and the truth of the American dream. George Wilson, in contrast, is constrained by his lack of wealth. Everyone who comes to the parties is attracted by Gatsby's money and wealth, making the culture of money-worship a society-wide trend in the novel, not just something our main characters fall victim to. Gatsby was born to poor farmer parents in North Dakota, but at 17, determined to become rich, struck out with the wealthy Dan Cody and never looked back (6.5-15). Download it for free now: hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(360031, '688715d6-bf92-47d7-8526-4c53d1f5fe7d', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(360031, '03a85984-6dfd-4a19-93c8-5f46091f5e2b', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Anna scored in the 99th percentile on her SATs in high school, and went on to major in English at Princeton and to get her doctorate in English Literature at Columbia. The first nickname points toAmerica's post-WWIeconomic prosperity and the country's greater influence abroad. The book is narrated by Nick Carraway, who recounts the events of the summer of . . . on 50-99 accounts. Upon noting the degradation of morality among youths in the 1920s, Samkanashvil claims that the American youths were incredibly concerned with nobility (75). For instance, inThe Great Gatsby, it's taken for granted that the Jewish gangster Meyer Wolfshiem would need the WASP-y face of Jay Gatsby to make some of his deals, since Wolfshiem wouldn't have been allowed to join or participate important political and business networks. SAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination BoardTM. The average student has to read dozens of books per year. Furthermore, she banks on her place as a wealthy woman to avoid any major scrutiny, despite her "incurable dishonesty": "Jordan Baker instinctively avoided clever shrewd men and now I saw that this was because she felt safer on a plane where any divergence from a code would be thought impossible. Literary Themes for Students. The culture of the wealthy Americans represented in the novel was defined mainly by consumerism and excessive The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Learn more about The Crucible, The Cask of Amontillado, and "Do not go gentle into that good night" with our expert analyses. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. Romer, Christina. ), happiness, or family. One of the rumors about Gatsby is that he is involved in a bootlegging pipeline of alcohol from Canada - this is a reference to a real-life scandal about one of the places where illegal alcohol was coming from! Ironically enough, Nick resides in West Egg while Tom and Daisy reside in East Egg, this being analogous to where they find their moral values and happiness. Gatsbyis now seen as both a product of and a record of the 1920s. That was it. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The Great Gatsby, third novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1925 by Charles Scribner's Sons. Development Arrested. At the end of the book, class dynamics dictate which marriage survives (Tom and Daisy), which one is destroyed (George and Myrtle), and which one will never come to be (Gatsby and Daisy). In other words, Gatsby loves Daisy's "value" as an in-demand product. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Another social development wasthe new flapper style. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. He took out a pile of shirts and began throwing them, one by one before us, shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel which lost their folds as they fell and covered the table in many-colored disarray. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% As an example, let's look briefly at Myrtle. Fitzgerald incorporates the topics surrounding his era into this classic of the American Dream, the contrasting cultures of the Midwest and East, the struggles under Prohibition, and the immoral behaviors exemplified throughout the nation. In this phrase, Nick talks about Tom and George upon realizing that their wives are cheating on them and that they had a sort of terminal sickness. This is encapsulated in a phone call Nick describes, to a man who used to come to Gatsby's parties: "one gentleman to whom I telephoned implied that he had got what he deserved. Additionally, places and objects in The Great Gatsby have meaning only because characters instill them with meaning: the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg best exemplify this idea. At the time when the novel takes place, the U.S. was in the middle of a tremendous economic boom and a soaring stock market that seemed to be on a permanent upward swing. Perhaps this attitude was tempered at Yale, where he would have been surrounded by other ultra-wealthy peers, but in any case, Nick's cynical, sarcastic attitude seems to be a cover for jealousy and resentment for those even more wealthy than him. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The values totally changed instead of striving for equality, people - just wanted to get as rich as they could. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. Many of them cannot proactively grasp the concept of working hard to build their material wealth base. Set in Jazz Age New York, the novel tells the tragic story of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire, and his pursuit of Daisy Buchanan, a wealthy young woman whom he loved in his youth. He also threw parties now and then, which were equally characterized by high consumptions. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. When Nick spies on them through the window, he reports that there was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together. Because of their elite class status, Tom and Daisy share a belief that they are immune to the consequences of their actions. . New York, NY: Institute of American History, 2005. I couldn't forgive him or like him but I saw that what he had done was, to him, entirely justified. Furthermore, by the end of the novel she claims to be engaged, meaning that like Daisy, she's ultimately chosen to live within the lines society has given her. Tragically, Myrtle is hit and killed that evening by Daisy. August 12, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/american-culture-in-the-novel-the-great-gatsby/. 1. In Fitzgerald's most popular novel, The Great Gatsby, jazz appears as constant background music. Flappers emerged in 1920s. You can also compare Tom and Daisy's actions and outcomes to other characters to help make your pointMyrtle and Gatsby both contribute to the conflict by participating in affairs with Tom and Daisy, but obviously, Myrtle and Gatsby don't get to "retreat into their money," they both end up dead. Best Analysis: Money and Materialism in The Great Gatsby, Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Score, Analyzing characters via money/materialism, Common assignments and analysis of money/materialism in Gatsby, Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now, he opens the book with his father's advice, We've compiled a list of 15 must-have items for fans of. Such symbols reflect social challenges such as corruption that arose from the emergence of materialist and capitalist cultures. 22 Apr. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% We've compiled a list of 15 must-have items for fans of The Great Gatbsy book and movie adaptations. It's not enough to "bounce high" for someone, to win them over with your charm. SAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination BoardTM. Fitzgerald positions the characters of The Great Gatsby as emblems of these social trends. Fitzgerald portrays the newly rich as being vulgar, gaudy, ostentatious, and lacking in social graces and taste. .. tterly submerged (Fitzgerald 13). (2022) 'American Culture in the Novel "The Great Gatsby"'. F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby, written in 1925, depicts a portion of Nick Carraway's life characterized by the time he is influenced by the mysterious Jay Gatsby and his extensive pursuit of his former flame and Nick's cousin, Daisy Buchanan. Obsession In The Great Gatsby And Frankenstein . (In a uniform she had no idea he was poor, especially given his sophisticated manners). The post-war boom also had a positive effect on minorities in the U.S. One of the effects was thatJewish Americanswere atthe forefront of promoting such issues as workers rights, civil rights, woman's rights, and other progressive causes. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby's ego and self-centered personality . Of course, this did little to actually stem the desire for alcoholic beverages, so a vast underground criminal empire was born to supply this demand. Ask questions; get answers. We will write a custom Term Paper on American Culture in the Novel The Great Gatsby specifically for you for only $11.00 $9.35/page. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. Myrtle's character reveals how precarious social climbing is, how materialism is not actually a path to happiness/virtue. Gatsby's business partner Meyer Wolfshiem is a gangster who is affiliated with organized crime and is based on the real-life crime boss Arnold Rothstein, who was indeed responsible for fixing the World Series in 1919. Before the end of 1930, 12 million homes in the US had already bought radio cassettes while the numbers of those who were connected with telephones increased by 50 percent (10.5 million in 1915 to more than 20 million by the end of 1930) (Scherer and Ross 93). Fitzgeralds illustration of the American Dream within his characters directly echoed the societys high-esteemed qualities of success and delight. Additionally, the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, which banned the sale of alcohol, created a thriving underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand for bootleg liquor among rich and poor alike. Scott Fitzgerald mentions in her novel an incident of prohibition of sale and the production of liquor to tame youths who had become overindulged in alcoholism. One of the major topics explored in The Great Gatsby is the sociology of wealth, specifically, how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the countrys richest families. This claim implies that they thought that money could make them more authoritative than other people. Daisy and Jordan are both old money socialites, while Myrtle is a working class woman married to a mechanic. Scott Fitzgerald has created a social satire of America in the 1920's in which he exposes the American Dream as being inherently flawed and merely an illusion produced by idealism.This American Dream has been traditionally associated with the pursuit of freedom and equality. This article will guide you through the historical, economic, and social movements of the 1920's as they relate to events, themes, and characters in The Great Gatsby. Print. Cultural Impact of The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, written in 1925, depicts a portion of Nick Carraway's life characterized by the time he is influenced by the mysterious Jay Gatsby and his extensive pursuit of his former flame and Nick's cousin, Daisy Buchanan. Ed. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Get the latest articles and test prep tips! The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, presents a critical portrait of the American dream through its portrayal of the 1920s New York elite. By continuing well assume you Looking for other literary guides? Want the complete lowdown on Jay Gatsby's rags-to-riches story? Print. You can view our. High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl. Historically speaking, with influential leaders of temperance movements that believed in the dangers of alcohol and its ability to disrupt families, the Volstead Act was put into effect outlawing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors (The Great Gatsby Literature 147). A mentionable character representing the American Dream was Jordan Baker and her representation of womens independence. Then, after returning home and realizing Daisy was married and gone, he set out to earn enough money to win Daisy over, turning to crime via a partnership with Meyer Wolfshiem to quickly amass wealth (9.83-7). Fitzgerald illustrates the era of Prohibition by displaying Gatsbys flagrant misuse of the law, which only results in his own demise and failure as he perishes the same way he entered the city of New York with himself being his only true friend. ." The Great Gatsby reflects the trends of the 1920's through the transformation of James Gatz, the differences between the houses in West Egg and East Egg, and the unflattering picture of the era. How about getting full access immediately? The Great Gatsby portrays three different social classes: "old money" (Tom and Daisy Buchanan); "new money" (Gatsby); and a class that might be called "no money" (George and Myrtle Wilson). The characters Fitzgerald portrays represent distinct social groups who ultimately face their own struggles, demonstrating how uncertain the culture of the 1920s really was. Zeitz remarks, taking advantage of prosperity that was experienced in a decade, youths threw lucrative parties, got excessively drunk in illegal liquor, and used sexually arousing dancing styles in the vast number of established jazz clubs (23). The overindulgence is perhaps well reflected in The Great Gatsby in Gatsbys parties that are analogous to those that were thrown by the American youths in the 1920s. Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: PrepScholar 2013-2018. A prime example of such an immoral character is Meyer Wolfsheim who, as Gatsby nonchalantly stated, fixed the World Series back in 1919 (Fitzgerald 73); the character of Wolfsheim acts as a representation of the man who was actually responsible for the crime, Arnold Rothstein. The second nickname refers to this period's changing social norms and daring artistic movements. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday. At the same time, the novel itself critiques the notion of the American Dream. The Great Gatsby. In this context, Gatsby is a representation of a fallen American dream due to the rising immorality that characterizes the culture of the 1920s America. What is the importance of the character Owl Eyes? hbspt.cta.load(360031, '4efd5fbd-40d7-4b12-8674-6c4f312edd05', {}); Have any questions about this article or other topics? Some of the rumors swirling around Gatsby point to how fresh the war was in everyone's mind (that he was a German spy during the war, or that he is related to Kaiser Wilhelm, who ruled Germany during the war). Everyone who comes to the parties is attracted by Gatsby's money and wealth, making the culture of money-worship a society-wide trend in the novel, not just something our main characters fall victim to. (2022, August 12). The journey to reaching a fulfilling life and the American Dream came with struggles, and many people resorted to crime and dishonest behavior as a way to circumvent their actual problems. Print. Wed love to have you back! Check out our articles onGatsbys title, its opening pages and epigraph, and itsfirst chapter. Mining the text for a character's attitude toward money can be a very helpful way to understand their motivations in the world of 1920s New York. However, the quest for contentment changed with time to become the search for wealth through excessive insatiability. Zeitz, Joshua. Although her husband is immensely loyal to her, she possesses a strong desire to have everything else. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. IvyPanda. Few characters in literature or indeed life embody an era quite so tenaciously as Jay Gatsby does the Jazz Age. A Comprehensive Guide. Gatsby's comment about Daisy's voice explicitly connects Daisy the character to the promise of wealth, old money, and even the American Dream. Cars also now created a totally new danger, particularly in combination with alcohol consumption. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you WWI was a war of trench warfare, chemical weapons, shrapnel artillery, and other gruesome technologies that had never been seen before. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. West Egg residents or new money (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 54) are perceived by East Egg counterparts as upstart outsiders. Contact us (9.146). Check out our guide to Jay Gatsby for the complete story. Great Gatsby", the American Dream plays a big role. This situation resulted in corruption of the ideal American dream. This analysis can enrich an essay about old money versus new money, the American dream, or even a more straightforward character analysis, or a comparison of two different characters. Economically, there was an increase in working women. Set in Jazz Age New York, it tells the tragic story of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire, and his pursuit of Daisy Buchanan, a wealthy young woman whom he loved in his youth. Gatsby's drive and perseverance in obtaining his goal is, in many senses, commendable. Symbolically, the author denotes aristocrats as old money (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 54).

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